Advantages and Caveats of Wearing Masks

Mask usage, in addition to other nonpharmaceutical interventions, can be an effective containment measure in an epidemic. Face masks can prevent dispersal of droplets when infected persons talk, sing, cough, or sneeze. The rate of emission of particles correlates with voice loudness during speech or other vocal activities. A physical obstruction that prevents the wearer from touching the face, a mask may lead to better hand hygiene. The reverse is also true—an increased tendency for wearers to touch their faces, such as when adjusting their masks. Even with the right mask, wearers can still be infected if droplets enter via the eyes, thus highlighting the importance of additional protection.

Masks also reduce the risk of environmental contamination by respiratory droplets. As mentioned, SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fomites has been documented. In reality, usage by each individual varies. The mask may not fully cover the mouth and nose, or it may be used and reused too frequently. These can mean huge variations in mask performance outcomes. In addition, wearers should avoid touching their faces and the external surface of their masks. Hand hygiene also varies from person to person. Hence, mask usage must be complemented by other behavioral changes for effective infection prevention. Finally, the universal use of face masks prevents discrimination of individuals who wear masks when unwell because everybody is wearing a mask. Universal mask-wearing can create new social norms, motivating individuals to wear masks at the initial onset of symptoms without fear of being stigmatized. The unintentional infection of healthy individuals by asymptomatic and presymptomatic persons can be avoided. Masks are visible indicators of crisis mode, which can prompt behavioral changes such as social distancing and frequent handwashing.

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